MPs backed a proposal by 315 to 274 that would require parliament to be sitting to consider Northern Irish affairs for several days in September and October even if it was suspended.
Boris Johnson, the clear frontrunner to succeed Prime Minister Theresa May next week, has said Britain must leave the EU on October 31 with or without a deal.
He has refused to rule out suspending, or proroguing, parliament to prevent MPs from passing legislation to block his exit plan if he tries to exit without a deal.
MPs also backed a requirement for ministers to make fortnightly reports on progress towards re-establishing Northern Ireland's collapsed executive and to give MPs an opportunity to debate and approve those reports.
British MPs vote on the motion that will make it harder for the next prime minister to force through a no-deal Brexit. Source: UK PARLIAMENTARY RECORDING UNIT
The measures do not amount to an outright block on suspending parliament but could make it much more difficult to bypass MPs.
It is still subject to final approval by the House of Lords, but it is not expected to be blocked.
Those hoping to stop a no-deal Brexit believe that if parliament is sitting in the run-up to October 31 they will have the chance to prevent Britain leaving without a deal, the current legal default position.
Conservative MP Dominic Grieve was one of those who backed the proposal.
"We are responsible for ensuring, or trying to ensure good governance ... we're supposed to be the protectors of the nation," he said during the debate ahead of the vote.
A junior culture minister resigned after being among 17 Conservatives who rebelled against the government to vote for the measure.
Media reported that finance minister Philip Hammond and other senior government figures, who are likely to be sacked if Johnson wins the top job, abstained.
Theresa May. Source: AAP
A spokesman for Prime Minister Theresa May's office said the leader was disappointed that a number of ministers failed to vote. "No doubt her successor will take this into account when forming their government," he said.
Earlier on Thursday, budget watchdog the Office for Budget Responsibility warned Britain might be entering a full-blown recession that a no-deal exit from the EU would compound, blowing a $53 billion hole in the public
finances.
The OBR said the economy probably flatlined or might have contracted in the second quarter.
A no-deal Brexit could cause the economy to contract by 2 per cent by the end of 2020, the OBR said, referring to International Monetary Fund forecasts.
